The ‘Urban Village’ versus the ‘City for Profit’: Querying NIMBY through a comparative analysis of touristification in Lisbon and Madrid

Begoña Aramayona Quintana; Susana Batel

doi:10.14198/OBETS2022.17.1.03

Autores/as

Begoña Aramayona Quintana CICS.NOVA Universidade de Lisboa, Portugal https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4687-8500
Susana Batel Instituto Universitário de Lisboa (ISCTE-IUL), Cis, Lisboa, Portugal https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6586-6716

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.14198/OBETS2022.17.1.03

Palabras clave:

Turismo, protesta, Nimby, Europa del Sur, narrativas de pertenencia

Resumen

Las ciudades del sur de Europa se enfrentan a los retos asociados a la reciente aparición de las economías formales e informales de la “ciudad turística” y son escenario de diversas tensiones sociales. Las protestas locales contra estos cambios, a veces desacreditadas como NIMBY –Not In My Backyard– han provocado conflictos con los visitantes y las administraciones públicas locales. Sin embargo, en la literatura se encuentran a menudo definiciones difusas de los grupos que organizan estas protestas, así como de las condiciones urbanas previas para sus acciones y de los impactos de las mismas. Este artículo presenta un análisis comparativo de las protestas en el barrio portugués de Bairro Alto (Lisboa) y en el barrio español de La Latina (Madrid), con el fin de explorar cómo la apropiación moral y las “narrativas de pertenencia” en torno a los lugares se ponen en juego de forma diversa para legitimar y/o impugnar los cambios urbanos. También reflexionamos sobre los beneficios y los peligros de construir identidades locales fuertes frente al turismo global contemporáneo que llega a las ciudades del sur de Europa.

Citas

Anguelovski, I. (2016). From toxic sites to parks as (green) LULUs? New challenges of inequity, privilege, gentrification, and exclusion for urban environmental justice. Journal of Planning Literature, 31(1), 23-36. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0885412215610491

Aramayona, B., García-Sánchez, R., Martín, M.J., Martínez, J.M & Corraliza, J.A. (2019). ¿Vecinos de toda la vida? Nimby, Ocio Nocturno y Desapropiación en Centros Urbanos. El caso de La Latina, en Madrid. Athenea Digital, 19(1), 1-27.

Aramayona, B. & García-Sánchez, R. (2019). Decoding Middle-Class protests against Nocturnal Low-Cost Tourism in Madrid. Journal of Policy Research in Tourism, Leisure and Events, 11(3), 380-393. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/19407963.2019.1584627

Arampatzi, A., & Nicholls, W. J. (2012). The urban roots of anti-neoliberal social movements: the case of Athens, Greece. Environment and Planning A, 44(11), 2591-2610. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1068/a44416

Astor, A. (2012). Memory, community, and opposition to mosques: The case of Badalona. Theory and society, 41(4), 325-349. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11186-012-9169-5

Banco de Portugal (2016.) Nota da informaçao estadística 128. Análise do setor do turismo 2011-2016. Dowloaded from: https://www.bportugal.pt/comunicado/nota-de-informacao-estatistica-analise-do-setor-do-turismo-2011-2016

Bartkowiak-Theron, I. y Robin, J. (2012). The methodological identity of 'shadowing' in social science research. Qualitative Research Journal, 12(1), 7-16. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/14439881211222697

Batel, S. & Castro, P. (2015). Collective Action and Social Change: Examining the Role of Representation in the Communication between Protesters and Third-Party members. Journal of Community and Applied Psychology, 25, 249-263. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/casp.2214

Batel, S. & Devine-Wright, P. (2017). Energy Colonialism and the Role of the Global in Local Responses to New Energy Infrastructures in the UK: A Critical and Exploratory Empirical Analysis. Antipode, 49(1), 3-22. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/anti.12261

Batel, S., & Devine-Wright, P. (2020). Using NIMBY rhetoric as a political resource to negotiate responses to local energy infrastructure: a power line case study. Local Environment, 25(5), 338-350. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/13549839.2020.1747413

Bell, D., Gray, T., & Haggett, C. (2005). The ‘social gap’in wind farm siting decisions: explanations and policy responses. Environmental politics, 14(4), 460-477. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/09644010500175833

Blockland, T. & Savage, M. (2008). Social capital and Networked Urbanism. In T. Blockland & M. Savage (Eds), Networked Urbanism. Social capital in The City (pp. 1-20). Hamphire (UK): Ashgate.

Burningham, K. (2000). Using the Language of NIMBY: a topic for research, not an activity for researchers. Local Environment, 5(1), 55-67. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/135498300113264

Cabrerizo, C., Sequera, J. & Bachiller, P. (2017). Entre la turistificación y los espacios de resistencia en el centro de Madrid. Algunas claves para (re)pensar la ciudad turística. Ecologia Política, 52, 78-82.

Calado, M., & Ferreira, V. M. (1992). Lisboa: Freguesia da Encarnação (Bairro Alto).Lisboa: Editora Contexto.

Câmara Municipal de Lisboa Database (2008). [www.lisboa.pt]

Carita, H. (1990). Bairro Alto: Tipologias e modos arquitectónicos. Lisboa: Câmara Municipal de Lisboa.

Checker, M. (2011). Wiped out by the “greenwave”: Environmental gentrification and the paradoxical politics of urban sustainability. City & Society, 23(2), 210-229. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1548-744X.2011.01063.x

Clark, T. N. (2004). The city as entertainment machine. New York: Roman and Littlefield Publishers.

Cocola-Gant, A. & Lopez-Gay, A. (2020). Transnational gentrification, tourism and the formation of 'foreign only' enclaves in Barcelona. Urban Studies, 57(15), 3025-3043. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0042098020916111

Colomb, C. & Novy, J. (2017). Protest and Resistance in the Tourist City. New York: Routledge.

Dear, M. (1992): Understanding and Overcoming the NIMBY Syndrome, Journal of the American Planning Association, 58(3) 288-300. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/01944369208975808

Dear, M. & Taylors, M. (1982). Not on Our Street: Community Attitudes to Mental Health Care. London: Pion.

Dear, M. & Wolch, J. (1992). Landscapes of dispair. Princeton University Press: Princeton NJ. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/9781400858965

Debord, G. (1967/1994). The spectacularisation of society. London: Rebel Press.

DeVerteuil, G. (2013) Where has NIMBY gone in urban social geography? Social & Cultural Geography, 14(6), 599–603. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/14649365.2013.800224

Devine-Wright, P. (2009). Rethinking NIMBYism: The role of place attachment and place identity in explaining place‐protective action. Journal of Community and Applied Social Psychology, 16(6), 426-441. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/casp.1004

Devine-Wright, P. (2013). Explaining ‘NIMBY’ objections to a power line: The role of personal, place attachment and project-related factors. Environment and Behavior, 31, 640-649. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0013916512440435

Devine‐Wright, P., Smith, J., & Batel, S. (2019). “Positive parochialism”, local belonging and ecological concerns: Revisiting Common Ground's Parish Maps project. Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers, 44(2), 407-421. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/tran.12282

Freudenberg, W & Pastor, S. (1992). NIMBYs and LULUs, stalking the syndromes, Journal of Social Issues, 48(4), 39-61. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-4560.1992.tb01944.x

Gans, H. J. (1962). The Urban Villagers: Group and Class in the Life of Italian-Americans. Nueva York: The Free Press.

García, H. & Hullán, J. (2019). ¿Todavía existe la comunidad?: Turismo comunitario y nuevas formas de organización social a caballo entre la tradición y la modernidad. OBETS Revista de Ciencias Sociales, 14(1), 119-143. DOI: https://doi.org/10.14198/OBETS2019.14.1.04

Gregson, N. & Rose, G. (1999). Taking Butler elsewhere: performativities, spatialities and subjectivities. Environment & Planning D, 18, 433-452. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1068/d232

Gibson, T. (2005). Nimby and the Civic Good. City and Community, 4(4), 381-401. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6040.2005.00144.x

Halstead, J.M., Lullof, A.E. & Myers, S.D. (1993). An examination of the NIMBY syndrome: why not in my backyard? Journal of the Community Development Society, 24, 88-102. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/15575339309489921

Hannigan, J. (1998). Fantasy city: Pleasure and profit in the postmodern metropolis. London and New York: Routledge.

Hubbard, P. (2009). NIMBY, The International Encyclopedia of Human Geography (pp. 444-449). New York: Elsevier Press. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-08-102295-5.10019-8

Janoschka, M., Sequera, J. & Salinas, L. (2014). Gentrification in Spain and Latin America- a critical dialogue. International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, 38(4), 1235-65. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-2427.12030

Kemp, R. (1990). Why not in my backyard? A radical interpretation of opposition to the deep disposal of radiocative waste in the United Kingdom, Environment and Planning A, 22, 1239-58. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1068/a221239

Lees, L. (2004). Urban geography: Discourse analysis and urban research. Progress in Human Geography, 28(1), 101-107. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1191/0309132504ph473pr

Lewicka, M. (2005). Ways to make people active: The role of place attachment, cultural capital, and neighborhood ties. Journal of environmental psychology, 25(4), 381-395. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvp.2005.10.004

Lloyd, R. & Clark, T. (2001), The city as an entertainment machine, in Kevin Fox Gotham (ed.) Critical Perspectives on Urban Redevelopment (pp. 357 – 378). London: Emerald Group Publishing. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S1047-0042(01)80014-3

Madrid' Local Council Report, (2017). Análisis de las viviendas de uso turístico en el distrito centro. Downloaded from:

https://www.madrid.es/UnidadesDescentralizadas/UDCMedios/noticias/2017/05Mayo/05viernes/Notasprensa/ficheros/Informe_final_5_mayo%20vivendas%20uso%20tur%C3%ADstico%20(1).pdf

Malet, D., Nofre, J. & Geraldes, M. (2016). The Erasmus Corner: place-making of a sanitised nightlife spot in the Bairro Alto (Lisbon, Portugal). Leisure Studies, 36(6), 778-792. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/02614367.2016.1271821

Malet, D. (2017). Understanding international students beyond studentification: A new class of transnational urban consumers. The example of Erasmus students in Lisbon (Portugal). Urban Studies, 55(10), 2142-2158. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0042098017708089

Martínez-Gutiérrez, E. (2018). Reflexividad urbana y mirada turística: sobre la producción y el consumo de los espacios urbanos. OBETS Revista de Ciencias Sociales, 13(1), 355-381. DOI: https://doi.org/10.14198/OBETS2018.13.1.13

Martins, J. C. F. (2015). Algarve, da Urbanização Turística à Metropolização Sazonal-1960/2013. Thesis submitted as a partial requirement to Doctor of Philosophy of the FCSH, Universidade Nova de Lisboa.

Massey, D. (1994). Space, Place and Gender. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.

Massey, D. (1996). Politicising space and place. Scottish Geographical Magazine, 112(2), 117-123. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/14702549608554458

Massey, D. (2009). The possibilities of a politics of place beyond place? Scottish Geographical Journal, 11(1), 33-48.

Mendes, J. (2006). Gentrification in Bairro Alto: Analysis of a Socio-Spatial Reshaping Process. M.A. Thesis: University of Lisbon.

Mendes, J., Do Valle, P. O., & Guerreiro, M. (2011). Destination image and events: A structural model for the Algarve case. Journal of Hospitality Marketing & Management, 20(3-4), 366-384. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/19368623.2011.562424

McClymont, K. & O'Hare, P. (2008). “We're not NIMBYs!” Contrasting local protest groups with idealised conceptions of sustainable communities. Local Environment, 13(4), 321-335. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/13549830701803273

Nicholls, W. J. (2007). The geographies of social movements. Geography Compass, 1(3), 607-622. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-8198.2007.00014.x

Nicholls, W. (2009). Place, networks, space: theorising the geographies of social movements. Transactions of the institute of British Geographers, 34(1), 78-93. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-5661.2009.00331.x

Nofre, J. (2013). De lo sórdido a lo vintage, de la marginación a la distinción. Gentrificación y ocio nocturno en Cais do Sodré, Lisboa. Forum Sociológico, 59-67. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4000/sociologico.827

Nofre, J., Malet, D., Cassan, A. y Wodzinska, S. (2016). Club Carib: a geo-ethnography of seduction in a Lisbon dancing bar. Social and Cultural Geography, 18(8), 1-21. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/14649365.2016.1247191

Nofre, J. Malet-Calvo, D., Geraldes, M., Sánchez-Fuarros, J., Martins, C., Pereira, P. Soares, I. y López, A. (2017a). Exploring Nightlife and Urban Change in Bairro Alto, Lisbon. City & Community, 16(3), 330-344. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/cico.12248

Nofre, J., Giordano, E., Eldridge, A., Martins, J. y Sequera, J. (2017b). Tourism, nightlife and planning: challenges and opportunities for community liveability in La Barceloneta, Tourism Geographies, 20(3), 377-396. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/14616688.2017.1375972

Pavel, F. (2020). Em que casa fico? Reflexões acerca do direito à cidade e à habitação em tempo de COVID-19. Finisterra, 55(114), 203-206.

Pendall, R. (1999). Opposition to housing: Nimby an beyond. Urban Affairs Review, 5, (1), 112-136. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/10780879922184310

Phillips, M., Fish, R. & Agg, J. (2001). Putting together ruralities: towards a symbolic analysis of rurality in the British mass media, Journal Rural Studies, 17(1), 1-27. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0743-0167(00)00015-2

Pol, E., Di Masso, A., Castrechini, A., Bonet, M.R. & Vidal, T. (2006). Psychological parameters to understand and manage the Nimby effect. Revue Européene de Psychologie Appliquée, 56, 43-51. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.erap.2005.02.009

Pulido, L. (1996). Environmentalism and Economic Justice: Two Chicano Struggles in the Southwest. Tucson: University of Arizona Press. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv1jf2cmj

Quaglieri, A. & Russo, A. P. (2010). Paisajes urbanos en la época post-turística. Propuesta de una marco analítico. Scripta Nova. Revista Electrónica de Geografía y Ciencias Sociales, 14(323), 1-14.

Sebastien, L. (2017). From NIMBY to enlightened resistance: a framework proposal to decrypt land-use disputes based on a landfill opposition case in France. Local Environment, 22(4), 461-477. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/13549839.2016.1223620

Sequera, J. & Nofre, J. (2018). Shaken, not stirred. New debates on touristification and the limits of gentrification. City, 22(5-6), 843-855. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/13604813.2018.1548819

Sequera, J. & Nofre, J. (2019). Urban activism and touristification in Southern Europe: Barcelona, Madrid and Lisbon. In J. Obrahim y J. Roberts (Eds.), Contemporary Left Wing Activism: Democracy, Participation and Dissent in a Global Context. New York: Routledge. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9781351047401-6

Sequera, J., & Nofre, J. (2020). Touristification, transnational gentrification and urban change in Lisbon: The neighbourhood of Alfama. Urban Studies, 57(15), 3169-3189. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0042098019883734

Spanish National Institute of Stadistics [INE] (2018). Demography & Population Database. [www.ine.es]

Swyngedouw, E., & Kaïka, M. (2003). The making of'glocal'urban modernities. City, 7(1), 5-21. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/13604810302220

Robinson, J. (2011). Cities in a world of cities: the comparative gesture. IJURR, 35(1), 1-23. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2427.2010.00982.x

Robinson, J. (2014). Introduction to a virtual issue on comparative urbanism. IJURR, n/a, n/a. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-2427.12171

Tomaney, J. (2013). Paroquialism: a defense. Progress in Human Geography, 37(5), 658-672. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0309132512471235

TSF (13.01.2015). Residentes dos bairros históricos de Lisboa defendem restrição do consumo de álcool na rua. Dowloaded from: https://www.tsf.pt/portugal/residentes-dos-bairros-historicos-de-lisboa-defendem-restricao-do-consumo-de-alcool-na-rua-4340356.html

Wilton, R. D. (2002). Colouring special needs: locating whiteness in NIMBY conflicts. Social & cultural geography, 3(3), 303-321. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/1464936022000003541

Wolsink, M. (2006). Invalid theory empedes our understading: a critique on the persistence of the language of Nimby. Transactions Institute of British Geography, 31(1), 85-91. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-5661.2006.00191.x

Zukin, S. (2011). Naked city: The death and life of authentic urban places. Nueva York: Oxford University Press. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195382853.001.0001